recognizing mortgage fraud and the role of a title insurance agent

We are working on a transaction that demonstrates just how easily a consumer can be guided into a mortgage fraud scenario by real estate agents and lending personnel who haven't been trained to understand just what this kind of fraud is and does to a lender.

I'm talking about the kind of mortgage fraud that pushes a transaction to close by circumventing mortgage underwriting guidelines.  This is the kind of mortgage fraud on which the mortgage credit crisis was built and why when the boom cycle went bust we had a more serious collapse than we would have had if lending guidelines had been enforced.

In this case, the guideline is a USDA rule that says you cannot use the program to purchase an income producing/investment property.

The property in question has a single family home and a mobile home on the land.  The mobile home has a tenant and the prospective purchaser, USDA applicant, wants the income from the rental to help pay the mortgage. He qualifies without it but says it would be hard to manage his budget without the extra income.

The existence of the mobile home was discovered when the appraiser went to the property and reported it.  The lender then asked the real estate agents and the buyer to move forward with the idea that the mobile home would be removed from the site.  The buyer doesn't want to lose the income and so the real estate agents concocted a scenario in which the property would be subdivided so that the buyer would purchase the house on one lot using USDA funds and then post closing, the seller would convey the mobile home and its lot for $1.00.

They discussed this plan with the loan officer who took the approach that is was "outside of the transaction" and so she didn't consider it a problem.

As the title agent in the transaction, when I found out about the plan, I spoke with the real estate agents, the buyer, the loan officer, and the seller and advised all that since the negotiated price included the mobile home and 2nd lot, that it was NOT outside of the transaction and that what they intended was to engage in mortgage fraud.  I said it in a nice way to as not to offend but I wanted to make absolutely sure that they understood.

We discussed alternatives including removing the mobile home, going for a different loan program that would allow the property as is, subdividing and the buyer only buying the house with its lot but for a reduced price and perhaps then buying the mobile home and its lot separately and without using USDA money.

The buyer and I had several detailed conversations and he said he did not want to commit a crime or engage in mortgage fraud but since his loan officer and the real estate agents and some fellow he called at the courthouse all thought this could be done, he wanted another opinion.  He wanted to talk with the USDA but he couldn't get them on the phone.

We also discussed how mortgage fraud is discovered through random audits and also targeted audits in the event of default.  I explained that he was at risk as was the mortgage lender who could be denied a claim if the loan went into foreclosure. He called his loan officer and asked if she could discuss it with the USDA.

The loan officer called a "contact" at the USDA who told her it was okay which she conveyed to me and to the other parties.

Since the mortgage lender gives their authority for decision making to their underwriter, I said that if the specific underwriter on this transaction was given the full set of facts, that the seller would be conveying the newly subdivided off mobile home and lot for $1.00 post closing and that this was part of the agreement, then I would close the transaction and insure title.  If not, I would not insure and they were welcome to find another title agency.

Did I overreact?  I don't think so. I have no desire to collude to defraud a mortgage lender by helping to withhold information from the underwriter.  So long as the mortgage underwriter has the full picture, then the lender makes their decision with open eyes and it's their decision to make.

The fraud is in the withholding of information to circumvent an underwriting guideline.  If the USDA does not allow their money to be used to purchase income producing property and the mortgage underwriter who has the authority to interpret these guidelines and bind the mortgage lender decides that a post closing transfer for $1.00 does not equate to using USDA funds, then so be it.  I haven't committed a fraud.  I have provided full disclosure.

It might be that the underwriter will be found at fault for a poor decision at some later date, but the parties in the transaction did not commit fraud if they provided full disclosure.

If, on the other hand, they hide the tandem "outside of the transaction" acquisition of income producing property and the underwriter approves the USDA loan without this knowledge, then you most definitely have a mortgage fraud case and all of those who colluded are at risk.

In this case, I see the role of the title insurance agent as a fiduciary for the lender and an educator to help others not to take the wrong path.  When the transaction cannot be saved and made legal, the title insurance agent must be strong enough to walk away.  This is how we protect ourselves and our industry.

employment changed before closing...what to do?

My refinance went through in November, but I lost my job in October. The refinance closed, but as a routine post-close audit they now want proof of income, either where I am working now or where I was working between October and November, in their words " In order to make the loan compliant with standard underwriting guidelines we need to obtain her current Employer details and supporting income documents (paystubs) for borrower". I've worked one 2 week job and now have another small part time job, and am still looking for full-time employment. What does this mean? Can they change my refinance, even though I've started payments? Can I be penalized, and what should I say or give to them?  I'm worried this will affect my loan. Thank you so much, I sure hope to hear from you!!

S

Hi, S:   At the time of closing the loan application would have been presented for you to confirm the accuracy of the information.  Did you disclose to anyone at the closing or prior to closing that your employment had changed?  If you did and the person you told did not stop the transaction, then they may have put you in a bad position.  Contact your mortgage lender and explain what happened and whether you did tell someone or you didn't understand that you should have done so. Be honest and hope for the best.  Good luck.

Diane

I want to add some thoughts for readers who may be facing a similar situation.  Failure to notify your mortgage lender that you have had a change to your financial profile - including but not limited to income or liabilities - is MORTGAGE FRAUD.  Yes, that's right.  You have to take seriously that the mortgage lender is agreeing to loan this money to you based upon the financial status you disclosed and they verified.  If your employment changes before you close and your lender does not discover this new information, you have an obligation to tell them.  Yes, this will stop your closing but you do not have the right to take the lender's money under false circumstances.

Unfortunately we do have loan personnel or real estate agents or settlement officers who may suggest to the consumer that they NOT tell the mortgage lender. These folks don't want to risk losing the income on the transaction but what they are doing is colluding to defraud the mortgage lender. If their participation in such a fraud is discovered, they too may be subjected to criminal charges or face some other penalty which may impact their employment or licensure.

It is entirely possible that S will be subjected to a demand for full payment of the mortgage balance.  It is even possible that S may be subjected to criminal charges.  That's very scary but depending on the loan program and the lender's policy for circumstances such as this, the remedy, harsh or less severe, is not going to be a joy for S.

Each consumer must take seriously their legal obligations when disclosing information to the mortgage lender.  Don't fool around with mortgage fraud.

query: what is a post closing audit?

First let me say that "post closing" means AFTER closing.  A post closing audit is an audit of the documents or file and this audit takes place after the closing.  Audits are performed by mortgage lenders, title insurance personnel, and regulators who are checking to make certain that the closing was performed correctly.

There are routine audits and there are special purpose audits.  A routine audit would be performed on each file by clerical staff whose job it is to move the file to the next stage.  Mortgage lenders set up secondary market sales and mortgage servicing.  Title insurers process recorded documents, reconcile escrow funds, and issue policies.  At each of these stages personnel are reviewing the work performed and if errors are spotted they will bring the file to the attention of management for resolution.

Special purpose audits may be a random selection of files for quality control department review or the file may be selected for an investigative audit by regulators or title underwriters.  These special purpose audits are part of oversight functions setup by the government or the company to monitor quality of service, regulatory compliance, and to keep an eye out for fraud or theft.